Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a psychological condition characterised by an obsessive focus on perceived flaws in physical appearance. According to the UK’s National Health Service (NHS), it is estimated that around 1 in every 100 people in the UK experiences BDD. However, due to the nature of the disorder, many cases may go unreported or undiagnosed, making the actual prevalence potentially higher.

What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a mental health condition where individuals become excessively preoccupied with perceived defects or flaws in their appearance. These perceived flaws are often minor or even non-existent, but individuals with BDD become consumed by thoughts about their appearance, leading to significant distress and impairment in daily functioning. These obsessions can cause severe emotional distress and may interfere with work, social life, and relationships.

Causes/Risk Factors of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

The exact cause of BDD is unknown, but like many mental health disorders, it is likely the result of a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Some potential risk factors for developing BDD include:

• Genetics: There may be a genetic predisposition to developing BDD, as the disorder often runs in families.
• Brain Chemistry: Imbalances in neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate, may contribute to the development of BDD.
• Traumatic Experiences: Negative experiences related to appearance, such as bullying, teasing, or abuse, may increase the risk of developing BDD.
• Social and Cultural Factors: Societal pressure to conform to unrealistic beauty standards can exacerbate feelings of inadequacy and contribute to the development of BDD.
• Personality Traits: Individuals with perfectionistic tendencies or low self-esteem may be more susceptible to developing BDD.

Treatment Options for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

Treatment for BDD typically involves a combination of therapy, medication, and support. Some common treatment options include:

• Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT): CBT is a type of psychotherapy that helps individuals identify and challenge negative thought patterns and behaviours associated with BDD. It can help individuals develop healthier coping strategies and improve their self-esteem.
• Medication: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be prescribed to help alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety associated with BDD.
• Support Groups: Joining a support group for individuals with BDD can provide a sense of community and validation, as well as opportunities to share experiences and coping strategies.
• Hospitalisation: In severe cases where individuals are at risk of self-harm or suicide, hospitalisation may be necessary to ensure their safety and provide intensive treatment and support.

Advice for individuals or loved ones with Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

If you or someone you know is struggling with BDD, it’s important to seek help from a qualified mental health professional. Here are some additional tips for managing BDD:

• Limit Mirror Time: Try to reduce the amount of time spent obsessing over your appearance in front of mirrors or other reflective surfaces.
• Challenge Negative Thoughts: Practice challenging negative thoughts about your appearance by questioning their validity and focusing on more balanced and realistic perspectives.
• Focus on Self-Care: Engage in activities that promote physical and emotional well-being, such as exercise, mindfulness, hobbies, and spending time with supportive friends and family.
• Avoid Comparisons: Avoid comparing yourself to others, particularly through social media, as it can exacerbate feelings of inadequacy and trigger symptoms of BDD.

Signs and Symptoms of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

Signs and symptoms of BDD can vary widely from person to person but may include:

Impact on individual and Family

The impact of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) isn’t limited to the individual experiencing it; it also extends to their family members. Witnessing a loved one struggle with BDD can be challenging and emotionally distressing for family members, and it can have several significant impacts:

• Emotional Distress: Family members may experience feelings of frustration, helplessness, and sadness as they witness their loved one’s distress and struggle with BDD. They may feel powerless to alleviate their loved one’s suffering, leading to feelings of guilt or inadequacy.
• Strained Relationships: The obsessive preoccupation with appearance and the behaviours associated with BDD, such as seeking constant reassurance or avoiding social situations, can strain relationships within the family. Family members may feel neglected or misunderstood, leading to conflict and tension in the household.
• Financial Burden: BDD can also impose a financial burden on family members, particularly if the individual with BDD seeks expensive cosmetic procedures or treatments in an attempt to correct perceived flaws. This can cause stress and strain on the family’s finances, leading to additional worries and conflicts.
• Impact on Daily Functioning: BDD can disrupt the normal functioning of family life. Family members may find themselves accommodating the individual’s rituals or avoidance behaviours, which can interfere with daily routines and activities. This can lead to increased stress and disruption within the household.
• Health Concerns: Family members may neglect their own physical and mental health needs as they prioritise supporting their loved one with BDD. The chronic stress and emotional strain associated with caregiving can increase the risk of developing physical health problems and mental health issues such as anxiety or depression.
• Stigma and Isolation: Family members may also experience stigma and social isolation as a result of their loved one’s BDD. They may feel reluctant to seek support or share their experiences with others due to fear of judgement or misunderstanding, leading to feelings of loneliness and isolation.

Accessing Local/NHS Support

If you suspect you may have BDD or know someone who does, it’s essential to seek support from a healthcare professional. You can access support through the NHS by:

• Contacting your General Practitioner (GP): Your GP can provide an initial assessment and refer you to a specialist if necessary.
• Referral to Mental Health Services: Your GP can refer you to mental health services for further assessment and treatment by a psychiatrist or psychologist.
• Community Mental Health Teams (CMHTs): CMHTs provide support and treatment for individuals with mental health conditions, including BDD.

Useful Contacts

• NHS 111: Call NHS 111 if you need urgent medical advice or assistance outside of normal GP hours.
• Mind: Mind offers information and support for anyone experiencing mental health problems, including BDD. You can contact their helpline at 0300 123 3393 or visit their website at www.mind.org.uk.
• Body Dysmorphic Disorder Foundation (BDDF): BDDF is a charity that provides information, support, and resources for individuals affected by BDD. You can visit their website at www.bddfoundation.org for more information.